Drug
Test Kits
Opiate
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Opiate
Drug Testing Facts
The
standard cutoff levels of opiates in
a Enzyme Multiple Immunoassay Test (EMIT) and
Gas
Chromatography Mass Spectrometer (GC MS)
drug
test are
2000ng/ml.
Drug
Test Results
Positive:
A rose-pink band is visible in each control
zone. No color band appearing in the appropriate test
zone indicates a positive result for the corresponding
drug of that specific test zone.
Negative:
A rose-pink band is visible in each control zone and
the appropriate test zone, indicating that the concentration
of the corresponding drug of that specific test zone
is below the detection limit of the test.
Invalid:
If a color band is not visible in each of the control
zones, the test is invalid. Another test should be run
to re-evaluate the specimen.
Opiate
drug tests are one of the most popular types of test
performed for pre-employment and random drug screening
today. Opiates are commonly prescribed because of their
effective analgesic or pain relieving properties. Many
studies have shown that properly managed medical use
of opioid analgesic drugs is safe and rarely causes
clinical addiction, which is defined as compulsive,
often uncontrollable use. Taken exactly as prescribed,
opioids can be used to manage pain effectively.
Among
the drugs that fall within this class - sometimes referred
to as narcotics - are morphine, codeine, and related
drugs. Morphine is often used before or after surgery
to alleviate severe pain. Codeine is used for milder
pain. Other examples of opioids that can be prescribed
to alleviate pain include oxycodone (OxyContin-an oral,
controlled release form of the drug); propoxyphene (Darvon);
hydrocodone (Vicodin); hydromorphone (Dilaudid); and
meperidine (Demerol), which is used less often because
of its side effects. In addition to their effective
pain relieving properties, some of these drugs can be
used to relieve severe diarrhea (Lomotil, for example,
which is diphenoxylate) or severe coughs (codeine).
Opiates
act by attaching to specific proteins called opioid
receptors, which are found in the brain, spinal cord,
and gastrointestinal tract. When these drugs attach
to certain opioid receptors in the brain and spinal
cord they can effectively block the transmission of
pain messages to the brain.
In
addition to relieving pain, opioid drugs can affect
regions of the brain that mediate what we perceive as
pleasure, resulting in the initial euphoria that many
opioids produce. They can also produce drowsiness, cause
constipation, and, depending upon the amount of drug
taken, depress breathing. Taking a large single dose
could cause severe respiratory depression or be fatal.
Opioids
may interact with other drugs and are only safe to use
with other drugs under a physician's supervision. Typically,
they should not be used with substances such as alcohol,
antihistamines, barbiturates, or benzodiazepines. These
drugs slow down breathing, and their combined effects
could risk life-threatening respiratory depression.
Chronic
use of opioids can result in tolerance to the drugs
so that higher doses must be taken to obtain the same
initial effects. Long-term use also can lead to physical
dependence - the body adapts to the presence of the
drug and withdrawal symptoms occur if use is reduced
abruptly.
Symptoms
of withdrawal can include restlessness, muscle and bone
pain, insomnia, diarrhea, vomiting, cold flashes with
goose bumps ("cold turkey"), and involuntary
leg movements.
Options
for effectively treating addiction to prescription opioids
are drawn from experience and research on treating heroin
addiction. Some examples follow.
Methadone,
a synthetic opioid that blocks the effects of heroin
and other opioids, eliminates withdrawal symptoms, and
relieves drug craving. It has been used for over 30
years to successfully treat people addicted to opioids.
Other
medications include LAAM (levo-alpha-acetyl-methadol),
an alternative to methadone that blocks the effects
of opioids for up to 72 hours. Naltrexone is a long
acting opioid blocker often used with highly motivated
individuals in treatment programs promoting complete
abstinence, and also to prevent relapse.
Buprenorphine,
another synthetic opioid, will soon be available. Also,
naloxone counteracts the effects of opioids and is used
to treat overdoses.
Substances
which can cause false positives
Poppy
seeds, Emprin, Tylenol with codeine, Capital with codeine,
Margesic, rifampicin, Vicodin, Percodan, Percocet, Wygesic.
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